Indonesia’s history begins when the ancestors of the present Indonesians migrated into Indonesia from the Southeast Asian mainland from the 11th century BCE. In the centuries, possibly, Hindu kingdoms grew in Java and Sumatra. From the 13th century Islam became…
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Music in India has a rich and long tradition that includes Indian art music, folk music, popular music and film music associated with the big film production in Bollywood. The classical Indian music tradition extends over millennia. Arts Indian art…
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Several different writing systems are used for Indian languages. The oldest writing systems from India are kharoshti and brahmi. In addition comes the inscriptions of Indus culture, which are not yet interpreted. Kharoshti Kharoṣṭhī is a Northwestern alphabet that probably originated…
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Indonesia has official public service obligations for men and women from the age of 18, but military service is selective. The total strength of Indonesia’s armed forces is 395,500 active personnel, with a reserve of 400,000 (2018, IISS). In addition,…
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India has been the scene of construction activity for more than 4000 years. Most of it has disappeared, but through what is preserved it is still possible to see the main features of Indian history. Buddhism The elaborately shaped timber…
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India’s contemporary history includes the time after 1984, when Indira Gandhi, who had been India’s prime minister most of the time since 1966, was killed. Since its independence in 1947, Indian politics has been dominated by the Congress Party, to…
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In Indonesia, Malay has been a common language for hundreds of years. The same is the case in Malaysia. In 1945, Malay was made the official national language of Indonesia under the name Bahasa Indonesia. There are 742 different languages…
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In an area with such great climate differences, plant growth must necessarily show great contradictions, from tropical rainforest to desert or high mountain vegetation. In the western Himalayas, there are many plants that show kinship westward, among other things. European…
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India is one of the world’s largest economic powers, while also among the world’s poorest, in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The country has experienced strong economic growth since the late 1990s. The reasons are strong growth…
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